斗拱,是中國古代建筑上特有(you)的構件,它的產生和發展有(you)著非常(chang)悠久的歷史。從(cong)兩千多(duo)年前(qian)戰國時代采桑獵(lie)壺上的建筑花紋(wen)圖案,以及漢代保存下來(lai)的墓闕(que)、壁畫上,都可以看到(dao)早期斗拱的形象。
斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的種類很多,形(xing)制(zhi)復雜。按使用(yong)(yong)部位(wei)分(fen),它可以分(fen)為內(nei)檐(yan)(yan)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)、外(wai)檐(yan)(yan)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)、平座斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)。外(wai)檐(yan)(yan)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)中,又可分(fen)為柱頭科斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(用(yong)(yong)于(yu)柱頭位(wei)置(zhi)上的斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong))、角科斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(用(yong)(yong)于(yu)殿堂角上的斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong))和平身科頭拱(gong)(gong)。
